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A car is a vehicle that transports passengers or goods. A car has four major parts: the body, the wheels, the engine and the transmission. The body is made of metal panels welded together to create a strong and safe shell. The engine provides power for transporting people and goods. The engine's drive power comes from an internal combustion process involving fuel and air which can be either gasoline or diesel-powered. Car makers allow you to purchase cars with different engines, so it’s important to understand what you are looking at when you are buying a new vehicle, or if your current vehicle needs repairs. For example, one type of automotive engine is designated as "diesel". Diesel engines use an internal combustion process that converts fuel into energy that is then used to power the vehicle. Engines for diesel-powered vehicles are commonly referred to as diesel engines. There are two types of diesel engines: turbodiesel and turbocharged. Turbodiesel means “turbo-diesel” engine because it has the first turbocharger after the first cylinder. Turbocharged means “boosted” or "supercharged" engine because it comes with an additional compressor after the cylinder which forces air through the engine, thus increasing horsepower output by forcing more air into each cylinder of the vehicle. In some cases, a turbodiesel engine can be cleaner and more efficient than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines are commonly used in trucks and commercial vehicles. In Europe, they are becoming more popular on light vans, on up to light trucks. In the United States, diesel is primarily used in heavy-duty trucks and large SUV's or crossover vehicles. Diesel engines have a higher compression ratio that leads to better fuel economy but create more pollution during combustion of the diesel fuel with air inside the cylinder. Some manufacturers offer hybrid vehicles which run on both gasoline and diesel fuel. Valves are located at the top of each cylinder to let fuel into the engine, and allow exhaust gas to escape. The opening and closing of the valves is controlled by a connection between the camshaft and valves called 'valve gear'. Valves are opened by cams, which turn on the stem at the top of the valve. The valve lifts up off its seat to let gases through. When it has turned past its "top dead center" position, it is pushed down again by a spring or weights. This 'lap' or lift-off movement is known as "valve opening". The valves close in the same way, but in reverse: they are pushed down by a spring and they "lap" or lift off their seats. The cam turns until it is pointing in the opposite direction, and then the valve will open again. This cycle of opening and closing of the valves is called "valve timing". Engines may either use a chain or belt to drive power to the camshaft. In some engines such as de Dion-Bouton (a type of engine where there is no crank) this belt or chain can be linked directly to the crankshaft - this is known as direct drive. Most other engines though use a belt or chain that turns on a sprocket called an idler. eccc085e13
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